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What is private equity?

Investing in the ownership of a business that is not listed on a stock exchange.

Start with ownership.

Equity means an ownership stake in a company. Private means that its shares are not traded on a public stock exchange. The term private equity often refers to investment firms and funds that buy stakes in these businesses.

An investor might buy part of an established business or acquire control of the company. The aim is to make that ownership stake more valuable over time, but returns are not guaranteed.

01

Understand the business

Study its customers, products, finances and risks. Decide what the business may be worth and what could improve.

02

Invest and build

Agree on a price and ownership stake. Investors may work with management to improve operations, support growth or make acquisitions.

03

Realize the investment

Investors may eventually sell their stake, sell the company or take it public. Some businesses also distribute profits to their owners.

Learn by doing

Understand the mechanics.

Open a short lesson, move the numbers, and see what changes.

A simple example

Imagine an investor buys a stake in a privately owned manufacturer. The company improves its production process and wins new customers. If its earnings grow and a future buyer values it more highly, the investor's stake may become more valuable. If performance worsens, it can lose value.

The long-term potential

See what patient
capital can become.

Private equity gives investors a stake in businesses they believe can become more valuable. Strong gains, reinvested over many years, can build substantial wealth. Explore the effect of time and return in this simplified illustration.

Change the assumptions. The chart also accepts negative returns.

Illustrated value after 20 years฿1,636,654

16.4× the starting capital · assuming 15% every year

Hypothetical annual compounding. No further contributions.

This is an illustration, not a PE forecast or an actual fund return. It assumes a constant return and full reinvestment at that rate. Real private-equity funds have uneven cash flows, fees and long holding periods; reinvestment may not be available. Fees, tax and inflation are excluded. Returns can be negative and capital can be lost.

01 / Historical returns

What the track record shows.

The US private-equity benchmark returned 15.2% a year over ten years, after fund fees. That is a pooled benchmark—not the return every fund or investor earned.

10-year annualized return · USD · through 31 Dec 2025

US private equityBuyout & growth equity
15.2%
S&P 500Public-market equivalent
15.1%
Russell 2000Public-market equivalent
9.9%
Over ten years, US private equity and the S&P 500 equivalent were almost level: 15.2% and 15.1% a year.

Source: Cambridge Associates, calendar-year 2025 benchmarks ↗. Historical performance does not guarantee future returns.

How to read the comparison

PE uses pooled internal rates of return (IRR), net of fees, expenses and carried interest. Public benchmarks use modified public market equivalents (mPME), matching the timing of private-fund cash flows. This does not equalize risk or liquidity. Private returns include unrealized valuations. One-year returns are cumulative; longer periods are annualized.

Returns (%) · periods ending 31 December 2025
PeriodUS PES&P 500 mPMERussell 2000 mPME
1 year8.717.912.9
5 years11.714.96.8
10 years15.215.19.9
20 years13.211.38.7

02 / A market with scale

More capital.
Bigger transactions.

$2.1T

Global private-equity investment in 2025, up from $1.8 trillion in 2024—an increase of approximately 17%.

Technology, industrial businesses and energy attracted substantial investment. Private equity reaches well beyond finance into the companies and services people use every day.

Global PE investment · USD trillions
$1.8T
$2.1T
20242025

Bars start at zero · investment value, not assets under management

Growth is not uniform. Deal count fell from 20,836 to 19,093 in the same period. More money went into fewer, larger deals; a rising total does not mean every fund or business performed well.

Source: KPMG, Q4 2025 Pulse of Private Equity ↗. Approximate growth calculated from the published, rounded totals.

How is it different?

Public shares: ownership in listed companies can usually be bought and sold on an exchange. Private-company stakes generally take longer to sell.

Venture capital: typically backs younger companies with high growth ambitions. Buyout and growth-equity investors often focus on more established businesses. These approaches overlap within the wider world of private capital.

A loan: a lender is owed repayment under agreed terms. An equity investor owns a share of the business and participates in its upside and downside.

What can go wrong?

A business can underperform, debt can strain its cash flow, or a buyer may not pay the expected price. Private equity investments can be difficult to sell and may tie up money for years.

Find your way to contribute

Original CUPEC educational content. Figures and examples retain their original context; publication here does not indicate a new financial-data verification.